Fire

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a substance to produce heat, carbon dioxide, water vapor and smoke.

Although rusting and digestion are forms of oxidation, they are not considered fire in that they do not happen fast enough.

There are four ingredients to fire. Fuel, Oxygen, Heat and the Chain Reaction of Burning. Remove any of the four and fire stops.

If you have a flame on the stove, turn the gas flow off. You have removed the fuel.

If you have a small fire, you can mix baking soda with vinegar to produce Carbon dioxide which is heavier than Oxygen. Pour the Carbon dioxide on the fire and the fire will suffocate because the Carbon dioxide will act as a barrier between the fuel and oxygen.

This is how a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher works.

Applying water to a fire reduces the heat and slows or stops the fire.

A fire retardant stops the chain reaction that fuels a fire.

Fire is considered an exothermic reaction in that heat is released. The sun is not a big ball of fire. It is energy produced by nuclear fusion at it's core and released as electromagnetic radiation.

Gasoline is burned in a controlled burn in your car.

When early man began to control fire, they were able to heat their surroundings, come down out of the trees to sleep on the ground and most importantly to cook food. Westerners usually think of the Greek story of Prometheus stealing fire for man. However the theft of fire story is found in cultures all over the world.

The process of cooking food allows a greater amount of nutrition to fuel large organs of the body like the brain. The brain uses twenty percent of the energy of the food you eat. Cooking also destroyed microbes that could cause disease.

Language and fire equally are evolutionary steps that allowed man to develop the intelligence it has. Now if a quick way to achieve wisdom is found, we may take care of our environment better.

Energy

Solar Energy results from Nuclear fusion in the sun's core
to produce heat energy and electromagnetic radiation.

Energy is the ability to do work. When someone says they don't have the energy to do something, it may very well be true. It takes energy to do work.

The study of energy is physics. So when you tell someone to quit being a lazybones and get their rump over here to help you, you are a master of physics or a taskmaster or motivator or nag. That's a stretch for sure.

There are Seven basic forms of energy. You may see a list with different numbers. It has to do with
classification. Some scientists differentiate a form of energy into two subsets or consolidate two together.  Study energy or physics more in depth, the forms of energy separate into more categories.

Mechanical energy is energy in motion. An example would be a waterfall. Turbines are turned in flowing water to produce electrical energy. Energy can be changed from one form to another. Turbines are used at hydro-electric plants to create electricity.

When water is at the top of a water fall, it's potential energy is high and kinetic energy is low. As the water rushes down, the kinetic energy dramatically increases as it's potential energy becomes lower. You can look as potential and kinetic energy somewhat like phases of a form of energy.

Sometimes Sound is considered sonic energy. But sound is mechanical energy. Sound is the result of vibrations through matter. The moon has so many moonquakes, it should ring like a bell. But it does not. The moon does not have an atmosphere and there is no matter for the sound energy to vibrate within.

You can feel the vibration of a loud sound.

Heat Energy is the motion between particles, The more heat, the faster the molecules move. Rub your hands together and feel the heat of friction.

If you take two glasses of water. One glass has cold water, the other glass has hot water. Put a drop of food coloring in the cold water and shortly afterward put a drop of food coloring in the hot water. The hot water's motion will disperse the coloring very quickly: whereas, the food coloring slowly swirls in the cold water.

Nuclear energy is the result of splitting atoms, fusing atoms, or the natural decay of radioactive isotopes. Currently, we use the splitting of heavy radioactive atoms of nuclear fission to produce energy. Nuclear fusion would be best. However, we are unable to create a container or storage mechanism that can contain the energy of the reaction.

Chemical energy is the result of the breaking of chemical bonds between atoms. This sounds really complicated. But this is how energy is produced by a campfire, the burning of gasoline in a car engine, or the breakdown of glucose in your cells. Food, gasoline, firewood are all examples of potential energy. When you have a fire, metabolism of glucose, or a car engine running, you have the kinetic phase.
95 percent of the energy of an automobile is lost as heat due to friction. Only 5 percent is actually used to make the car move. If we wanted to reduce our dependence on fossil fuel, creating a more fuel efficient auto would be key.

Electromagnetic energy is better known as light. The small visible spectrum of light we know as the rainbow, and invisible light such as infrared and ultraviolet. Infrared light has many forms such as radio waves, microwaves. X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays are types of ultraviolet light. Unfortunately if you were exposed to gamma rays, you would not change like the incredible hulk but be dead immediately. This sort of energy can travel through empty space.

Light is made up of particles called photons. When tested photons can be matter or energy. However, scientist have never had photons be matter and energy at the same time. So much for all of us to learn.

Gravitational energy is the attraction of two bodies in space.

Ionization energy is the attraction of the negatively charged electron to the positively charged nucleus of an atom.

The Dorsett People and DNA

My newest dog Holly is a mysterious dog. She arrived on my front porch after roaming about a mile away close to the river. She weighed 23 pounds. I am guessing she was not killed for food by coyotes in that I cut off about 6 inches of matted hair off of her. A mouth full of hair protected her body.

She is now a beauty of undetermined origins. The Vet said if I had a spare $50 I could send her DNA off to find out what sort of dog she was. I think good dog is good enough for me.

But DNA is something we all can do to find our ancient ancestors from thousands of years ago to hundreds of years ago. Ancestry.com has recently told me I share DNA with the early settlers of Georgia and Florida and the early settlers of Virginia and North Carolina. This was no big surprise to me in that I know the migration paths of my family in addition to the fact that all four of my grandparent's families go back to early to mid 1600s.

This leads to the third community Ancestry linked me to which was middle Mississippi. This group is due to the fact that the early colonist formed what is called an endogamous group. There was not that many of them. So they married cousins and a lot genetic material of this group makes many distant cousins today appear to be fourth cousins.

The Dorsett People originally lived in Northwestern Canada. They were replaced by the Thule people who became the modern day Inuit people. Vikings came to this region and encountered people who may very well have been the Dorsett people.

What happened to the Dorsett?

Remains of a Dorsett Longhouse, Cambridge Bay Weather

There was shared technology of the day shared from Dorsett to the Thule. The Thule describe the Dorsett in their oral histories. They describe how the Dorsetts were tall and ran away easily. The Dorsetts did not use bow and arrows to hunt land mammals. They chipped holes in the ice to capture sea mammals for food. Intricate art and a rich culture was left behind by the Dorsett.

dalbera, Musee de quai Branly, Paris, France

The Dorsett were active between 500 BCE (BC) until 1500 CE (AD). The Thule began migrating into Greenland around the 11th Century. From the pattern of the rapid migration of the Thule, the Dorsett's strong adaptation to living in a polar climate probably facilitated their adaptation and spread.

DNA evidence indicates that the Thule and Dorsett did not intermarry. Archeological evidence indicates that the Dorsett were in steep decline about the time Thule invaded with their superior warfare ability. They thought a small tribe called the Sadlermiut that lived in Northern part of the Hudson Bay could have been the Dorsett. But their DNA indicates they were related to modern day Tuniit. Unfortunately, the last members of the Sadlermiut died out around 1902 due to European diseases.

http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/dorset-dna-genes-trace-tale-arctics-long-gone-hobbits-n191156

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_culture